What is snoring?

According to Sleep Foundation, snoring is the making of rattling and noisy sound while breathing during sleep. Often snoring can interfere in relationships as well. You might be caught a little off-guard, or even feel hurt when your partner complains about your snoring. It is very difficult to believe that snoring can cause problems in your relationship but it has been a major cause of relationship turmoil.

Family tensions due to snoring

As per Help Guide site, lack of sleep due to snoring can cause a rift in your relationship in various ways. You and your partner might sleep in different rooms due to snoring which might mean less physical intimacy between the both of you. As Evolutionary Parenting spoke about in For the Love of Sleep, sleep is a time in which we feel vulnerable and therefore need to feel safe. While snoring doesn’t make us feel unsafe per se, the stress of not being able to sleep with a partner who snores may be confounded in that vulnerable time.

Snoring might also cause you to feel isolated. A person who snores often has no control over the situation and when your partner is mad at you for something you have no control over, it can be a lonely place. Snoring might lead to huge resentment among your family if your sleep partner feels that he/she has done everything to sleep like putting ear plugs but you have not done anything to combat snoring.

The effects of snoring may be compounded if you have your little ones sleeping with you. Some people snore loudly enough that they wake their baby up due to the noises. Your poor baby may find it very difficult to fall asleep in such circumstances.  And if your partner is now up from your snoring and an awake child (who may suffer sleep deprivation the next day from it), no one is going to be happy.

Snoring often leads to weight changes (some lose and others gain) which further leads to irritability. So reign in your frustration and attack snoring but not your sleep partner. You should work together to overcome this menace of snoring together with your partner which will eventually improve your bonding with your partner and the quality of your life.

How do you communicate with a partner who snores?

Do remember that your partner may feel a little embarrassed or even defensive when you talk to him/her about snoring. Like talking to anyone about something that they may not be aware of or have conscious control over, it can be hard to be criticized for such an action. Timing is also key. Don’t go into it in middle of the night or early morning when everyone is typically at their most stressed period over the snoring. Wait until later in the day when you’ve both relaxed to talk about it sanely and respectfully.

Remember that snoring is highly unintentional and your partner is not keeping you awake on purpose with his snoring habits, though sometimes it can feel that way, especially when you’ve been up for hours or have a baby who is awake due to the snoring as well. Use of humor and playful jokes to communicate to your partner might do the task while keeping your relationship intact, but that will depend upon your partner.

Remedies to Snoring

Small changes in your diet plans and sleeping patterns might give the peaceful atmosphere at home which you wish for. Snoring is highly common in people who sleep on their backs so sleeping on your sides may help. Raising your bed or putting in an extra pillow might as well.  Replacing cow’s milk with soy or almond milk can help some as cow’s milk has certain proteins which have the tendency to induce allergies and hence lead to snoring. Including onions, garlic and mint tea in your regular routine can also help.

If natural remedies don’t work there are non-invasive remedies like nose strips or even certain mouthpieces that can help alleviate snoring.  However, in some cases you may have to find different sleeping arrangements, at least part of the time. One thing to be considerate of is that if you have to do this so that everyone gets sleep, make sure you and your partner get enough touch time. Not sleeping in the same room can cause psychological distance between you and your partner so you need to set up some time to reconnect during the waking hours.

Like everything though, you have to find a solution that works for you and your family.  Just know that although snoring can be problematic, it does not need to be that way forever.

What is Stomach Bloating?

Stomach bloating is a medical condition where the abdomen feels tight and full. Some individual develops this condition during their life and need medical attention to solve the problem. The other medical term for stomach bloating is abdominal bloating. Here, the common complaint is that there is a distention or swelling of the person’s abdomen. In addition to that, the abdomen increases in its size. Let us first make this clear that bloating is far more different from abdominal swelling which although may possess similar kinds of symptoms but different etiological reasons behind it.

A Woman Suffering from Stomach Bloating

Most often the person experiences stomach bloating because there is a disturbance in the function of the gastrointestinal tract which leads to the increase in the gas in the intestinal region. When there is gas in the person’s intestines, it is brought about by the various mixtures which may be due to an increase in swallowing air, impaired absorption, and excess in production or probably brought about by destruction.

What are the Symptoms of Stomach Bloating?

Without even realizing it, people having flabby middles may have the possibility to have stomach bloating episodes. Hence, to be able to determine what one should watch out for stomach bloating so as not to disregard it as something else. The following symptoms are associated with stomach bloating:

• Flatulence

One common sign in people with stomach bloating episodes is flatulence or passing of gas that are done frequently. People having stomach bloating episodes pass a gas that has an unpleasant smell.

• Distention of the stomach

When a person has stomach bloating, the person will have a production of excess gases brought about by in-completion of the digestion which leads to the hardening of the stomach as well as the expansion of it. When a person has secreted gases, there will be an accumulation of it in the intestinal and stomach portion, since the two are connected, which leads to the wall expansion. In sum, it will result to distention of the stomach which is uncomfortable to the person.

• Discomfort in a general manner

There will be a general discomfort felt by a person with stomach bloating which usually happens after the consumption of food. This general discomfort is seen together with difficulty in breathing episodes as well as the restlessness feeling.

• Gut sizes changes

Another symptom stomach bloating is change in size of the gut, which is visibly seen before and after a consumption of a meal which is a normal condition or response of the body. Yet, in this symptom the lower abdominal’s size changes in a significant degree as the day progresses which will lead to the person experiencing stomach bloating.

• Pain in the abdominal region

Last and not least, the person with stomach bloating will experience pain in the abdominal region which can either be mild or serious in nature. Most of the time the pain in the abdominal region is experienced after a large or heavy meal has been digested.

What Causes Bloating in the Stomach?

Stomach bloating may be due to different kinds of disorders. The etiological factors behind the cause of stomach bloating differ from one person to another. The following are the common causes that lead to the person to experience stomach bloating:

• Excess air swallowed

When a person has excessively swallowed big amount of air, the digestive system particularly the stomach will have problems in removing or absorbing the air. Hence, the longer it will stay the more it will lead to the full bowel sensation. This will lead the person to experiencing stomach bloating when quickly eating, quickly gulping of beverages or food, anxiety, chewing of gum, nervousness, and drinking using the straws.

• Diet

Another reason why people experience stomach bloating is because of their or diet. When a person ingests too much fat rich foods, it will lead to the person experiencing stomach bloating. Other foods that leads to the stomach bloating episodes is due to the gaseous formation includes cauliflower, salads, baked beans, and cabbage.

• Syndromes of malabsorption

When a person’s body has trouble with the breaking down and absorbing a group of foods, it will lead to the syndrome of malabsorption. The remaining foods that are not absorbed and broken down will lead to the production of gases. Examples of this syndrome of malabsorption are celiac disease and lactose intolerance.

• Constipation

Constipation has a characteristic to reduce frequency of the motion in the person’s bowel which may eventually lead to stomach bloating.

• Irritable bowel syndrome

When a person is diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, the person will have alternating symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. A key feature in this condition is stomach bloating.

• Partial obstruction of the bowel

When there is an obstruction in the person’s bowel, whether full or partial obstruction, it will impair the transit of the food and results in the stomach bloating episodes.

• Menstruation

Women during their time of menstruation, experiences premenstrual stress disorder and this includes stomach bloating.

• Aerated drinks

According to studies, when one consumes too much aerated drinks such as sparkling water it leads to gas formation which fills up the person’s stomach leading to stomach bloating.

• Gastric distention

The distention is brought about by over consumption of food which leads to the air pockets created in the inside of the intestine.

• Candida

It is known as yeast which is found inside the human body and is also known to form gases. It is known to live inside the human intestines and it grows when a person eats too much fast food.

How to Reduce Stomach Bloating?

With regards to the reduction of stomach bloating, the following tips can be done:

• Avoid gum chewing as much as possible
• Avoid beverages that are carbonated
• Avoid difficult to digest foods or gas formation foods such as lentils, cabbage, beans and brussel sprouts
• Eat in a slow pace
• Drink fennel tea
• Watch carefully your salt intake
• Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages

Home Remedies

There are also home remedies for stomach bloating which you will need to be mindful of such as:

• Consuming a high fiber diet for constipation problems
• Consuming celery seeds
• Consuming soda for gas problems
• Drinking either ginger or fennel teas
• Taking activated charcoal pills
• Drinking plenty of water for constipation problems
• Drinking chamomile tea may also be benefit peoples with stomach bloating

What are Flat Warts?

Flat warts are a known skin disorder, and are often called as Juvenile warts, Periungual warts, subungual warts, Verruca or Verruca plana. This condition is often reported to appear in children and in young adults. It is what dermatologist call as a benign tumor of the epidermis. It doesn’t occur in older adults since the immune system of the older adults are much equipped in dealing with the virus that is associated with this condition.

Flat warts are smooth, small, painless warts. They are small in size. It is slightly raised just above the skin, appearing as flat tops. Its color is similar to the skin, pinkish, light brown or yellowish in color which may be sometimes mistaken as a pimple. It is often grouped together in one place which can usually be found on the face, forehead, neck, hands and arms. In a group, there can be at the most, 100 flat warts located in one area.

Flat Warts in Single Appearances and Groups

Flat Warts on Face

The most reported occurrence of flat warts occur on the face. It is commonly known as filiform warts or facial warts. The warts found in the face can disappear even without treatment. Yet, there is still a need to get rid of it as safely and quickly as possible or else you will be at risk for permanent scarring. It is not recommended that you remove the warts in a surgical manner for there is a greater risk that if you won’t be able to remove the entire wart itself, including the facial warts and the root, it will end up growing back.

Facial Warts that Occur on the Cheeks and Eye Region

Flat Warts on Hands

Another common site for flat warts is in the hands. Warts of the hands can be easily passed to others. Its virus, the human papilomavirus, is contagious in nature.

Flat warts Occuring on the Hands and Fingers

Flat Warts on Legs

Leg warts are common in women, children, adolescent and other older people. It is a flat wart occurring on the legs. It may cause infection to the surrounding area thereby increasing the number of new growth.

Flat Warts on the Legs Usually Appear Clustered

Flat Warts Causes

Human Papilloma Virus

The main culprit of why people have flat warts growing on their body is the HPV or the so called Human Papilloma Virus. There are 60 types of HPV virus. It is through direct contact with someone else or in an inanimate object that the infected person has touched. It spreads easily through any areas in the body. These kinds of warts are very much contagious. The Human Papillomavirus multiplies and grows very quick in a moist, warm environment. The viral particles of the virus primarily enter into a person’s body when he or she has a break in the skin such as small cut, wound or scratch, to be able to cultivate, to invade and more likely become a wart.

Flat Warts Symptoms

It is very difficult to diagnose or identify flat warts since they are of similar color to that of the infected patient’s skin. You can only identify the warts through the small bumps. It takes up to a year to be able to notice a flat wart. Victims or people who have flat warts may have the infection for a year before the sign first erupt. It grows anywhere on the body. It is flesh colored or white and slightly elevated above the skin. It usually occurs in clusters. They are actually not dangerous to have. It will become painful once the area is continually bumped or under pressure. Here is the quick list of the symptoms associated with this skin condition:

1. Abnormally dark or light skin that surrounds the lesion
2. Small, flat and hard skin lesion or lump which may sometimes be raised
3. Rough growths
4. Numerous in number of lesions found in face, hands, or legs.

Flat Warts Treatment

The good thing about this skin disease condition is that it can be treated. Flat warts are harmless. Some are the common treatment option in treating this contagious skin disease:

Salicylic acid

The standard medication for the treatment of flat warts is the salicylic acid. It is recommended that prior to placing this medication, is that you use a pumice stone to scrub the wart after letting it be soaked in warm water. This will remove the dead skin cells and will make the medication to have direct contact with the flat warts itself. What’s nice about it is that it can be bought over the counter without prescription. Other medication that works the same as salicylic acid is silver nitrate. Both these product helps in burning the dead skin cells and allowing it to eventually fall off by itself.

Surgeries such as:

1. Cryotherapy will freeze the wart with the use of the liquid nitrogen.
2. Laser surgery will use laser type of technology in removing the warts.
3. Electro surgery will use electricity in this kind of surgery.
4. Cauterization will directly burn the wart with the use of a cautery.

No Treatment done

Even without necessary medical treatment, some warts resolve after some time making treatment unnecessary. The warts usually go away after a few months. The body’s immune system will normally and naturally attack the HPV virus until it is out of your system.

Flat Warts Removal

In removing flat warts, it involves the use of essential herbs and oils which are necessary in the application of the warts. It is repetitively applied until the warts vanish. Aside from that, it can also be removed following the electrodessication process where a cautery is used to cauterized the warts. It is a considerably painful procedure. Yet the patient is given anesthesia to numb them of the pain. It will also leave a scar, which is a disadvantage in this procedure. Other removal method may be done through laser surgery which is a bit costly or topical immunotherapy is still much preferred by some.

Home Remedies for Flat Warts

There are actually a lot of natural remedies which you can do at home some of these can be:

Castor oil

It is a known as an effective home treatment for common warts, planter’s warts, genital warts and the like. It helps in removing the warts.

Tea tree oil

Stimulates the immune system and attacks bacteria, fungi, and other infectious viruses. It is effectively used in the treatment of genital warts and other wart types.

Aloe vera

A natural remedy that is used for all wart types. The gel of this plant is used in curing the conditions that are linked with this kind of skin disorder. Aside from that, it is also known in delaying the cancerous spread in the patient’s body and it stimulates the immune system as it increases the natural resistance of the body from viruses.

Onions

It is known, that even during ancient times, to be used as an ingredient in various herbal remedies. It is has been effective in the removal of warts.

Cashew nut oil

It has an antibiotic quality. It provides an effective wart-free solution. The juice coming from its bark and the nut oil is being applied to warts and corns.

Pineapple

It has been reported that this will dissolve the warts upon application.

Papaya

It is a nutritious food and a remedy that is potent. The latex that is taken from the papaya tree trunk is used in peeling the warts and cancerous tumors. It has enzymes that do this kind of action.

Banana peel

It has enzymes that dissolves and digest warts safely.

Citrus fruits juices

Intake of fruits under this category, such as orange, lemon and grapefruit, are known to serve as an effective natural home remedy for warts.

Sundew

It is known to be a small insect eating plant. The leaves are used as an effective natural home remedy for the removal of warts.

Are Flat Warts Contagious?

The answer is yes. Flat warts are caused by human papilloma virus which is a contagious virus. It inflicts other through direct contact and through open cuts or breaks, which is the entry port of these viruses. Once the virus is in the person’s body system, the body becomes the primary reservoir of this virus. In prevention of transferring the contagious virus to others, you must never forget to wash your hands. It is the most important intervention in preventing transmission. With this information in mind, you need to prevent this contagious virus from invading your body and when it is already inside your body, the only thing to do is to do precautionary measures or find effective remedy and treatment that is fit for you.

Flat Warts Pictures

A Close-up Look on Flat Warts in the skin

Flat Warts on the face Showing Purple Color

Flat Warts Removal on the Feet

What is PUD?

PUD or Peptic Ulcer Disease is a medical condition in which the stomach, duodenum or esophagus presents with an ulceration due to an erosion of an area of a mucous membrane. Depending on its location, it is more frequently referred to as a duodenal, gastric or esophageal ulcer. Ulcerations are more likely to be found in the duodenum rather than in the stomach.

What Causes it?

Helicobacter pylori has been associated with PUD and accounts to 95% of patients with duodenal and 70% of patients with gastric ulcers; however, it has not been associated with esophageal ulcers.

Predisposing factors include:

1. Family history of peptic ulcer.
2. Blood type O.
3. Long – term use of non – steroidal anti – inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Excessive smoking and alcohol intake.
5. High levels of stress.

An Esophageal ulcer results from the backward flow of hydrochloric acid from the stomach into the esophagus.

Physiologically stressful events such as burns, shock, severe sepsis and multiple organ traumas can result to acute mucosal ulceration of the duodenal or gastric area. These are termed as stress ulcers.

What are the Signs & Symptoms?

1. Pain characterized as dull, gnawing or a burning sensation at the mid – epigastrium or in the back. A burning sensation may also be felt at the esophagus and stomach which eventually moves up in the mouth occasionally with sour eructation (burping).
2. Pyrosis (heartburn).
3. Nausea and vomiting.
4. Bleeding and black tarry stools.
5. Patients may also feel bloated. Gentle pressure at the epigastrium presents a sharply localized tenderness.
6. Diet and medications may result to diarrhea or constipation.

How is PUD Diagnosed?

Physical examination is done to check for epigastric tenderness and abdominal distention. Endoscopy is preferred, but upper gastrointestinal barium may also be performed in lieu of. Diagnostic tests include analysis of stool specimens for occult blood, gastric secretions and biopsy and histology with culture to detect for H. Pylori.

How is PUD Treated?

Management is targeted into lifestyle modification and compliance with prescribed medications in order to eradicate H. Pylori and control gastric acidity. Surgery can be performed in cases where initial efforts have not been successful and the disease has already progressed.

1. Lifestyle Changes

1. Identify stressful and exhausting activities then implement necessary changes in order to promote adequate rest and reduce stress.
2. Encourage smoking cessation.
3. Dietary modifications would include minimal intake of alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, restriction from milk and cream and compliance to eat three regular meals daily.

2. Pharmacological Therapy

1. Histamine antagonists – Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac)
2. These are given with meals and at bedtime to inhibit gastric secretions. These cannot be given within one hour of antacid therapy.
3. Antacids – Magnesium Oxide (Maalox), Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphogel)
4. These are given one to three hours after meals and at bedtime to neutralize gastric acids.
5. Sucralfate (Caralfate)
6. These drugs provide a local protective coat lining in the stomach, mimicking the mucous secretions. These are given one hour before meals and at bedtime. These must not be given within 30 minutes of antacid therapy.

3. Surgical Management

1. Vagotomy – interruption of Vagus nerve to decrease gastric secretion.
2. Bilroth I
3. Bilroth II

What is HCG?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a hormone produced during pregnancy. It is a glycoprotein that is formed by the embryo early at pregnancy and by the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta at the later stages. HCG can be measured in the blood and urine of a pregnant woman 2 weeks after the fertilization of the egg and lasts until the first trimester of pregnancy. The HCG in the blood and urine serves as the basis for pregnancy tests.

HCG has been used as a medication for various conditions. It is available in the form of drops or injections. However, the Food and Drug Administration has banned and prohibited the use of over the counter and homeopathic HCG for human use.

Functions and Advantages of HCG

Human Chorionic Gonadrotopin is responsible for the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum during early pregnancy. The presence of progesterone maintains the growth and sustenance of pregnancy because it enhances the blood supply of the uterus for the growth of the fetus. HCG also protects the fetus from the immune cells of the mother. HCG is also responsible for nausea and vomiting on the first trimester.

Since the effects of HCG are similar to luteinizing hormone, it has been used clinically to stimulate ovulation and production of testosterone. HCG is also responsible for possible cellular differentiation and apoptosis (cell death), linking HCG to some forms of cancer.

HCG is derived from the urine of pregnant women and used in treatment of fertility. However, advanced technology has led to the production of HCG by recombinant DNA technology. Available legal preparations of HCG are products such as Follutein, Pregnyl, Choragon, Profasi, Novarel, and Ovidrel.

Indications of HCG injections

Indications of HCG include:

• Ovulation Inducer in women

HCG is used as a management for infertility caused by absence of ovulation. HCG acts as luteinizing hormone that stimulates the ovaries to produce egg cells.

• Fertility treatment in men

HCG is also given to men in order to stimulate production of testosterone. Testosterone on the other hand enhances spermatogenesis or the production of sperm cells.

• Hypogonadism

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin injection is given to treat hypogonadism in men and women resulting to testosterone production and ovulation.

Other fraudulent use of HCG injection

HCG has been controversial in addressing obesity because some proponents have cited that HCG decreases fat deposits and increases lean muscle mass. Some homeopathic HCG preparations are given to enhance weight loss, coupled by a 500 caloric diet. However, this indication is not accepted medically since HCG has not been scientifically proven to induce weight loss. In addition, some homeopathic and over the counter preparations of HCG injections have little or no amount of HCG. The FDA has prohibited these HCG preparations since 2011 and considers HCG drugs as illegal. It has also been illegally used as an adjunct to anabolic steroids among athletes.

Contraindications

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin injection is contraindicated among women with thrombosis and obesity because of HCG injection side-effects of thromboembolic cases. It is contraindicated in hypertension, heart failure, epilepsy, migraine and renal failure because of increase androgen production that may lead to aggravation of the said conditions as HCG injection side-effects. It is also used cautiously in pre-pubertal ages because of possible early epyphyseal closure and precocious sexual development. It is strictly contraindicated among individuals with cancer and hypersensitivity to the drug.

HCG injections Side-effects

Ectopic pregnancy as HCG injections side-effects

Infertility among women is usually caused by a constriction in the fallopian tubes. Stimulating egg cell production by HCG may lead to HCG injections side-effects such as fertilization and implantation of the embryo in the fallopian tubes. This can be managed by ruling out fallopian tube disorders before starting fertility treatment with HCG.

Multiple Pregnancy as HCG injections side-effects

The presence of triplets, twins and quadruplets may be HCG injection side-effects. The stimulation of the ovaries may be overly stimulated which can produce two or more egg cells at a time leading to multiple pregnancies as HCG injection side-effects. Prevention includes administration of HCG injection as per individual dosage to prevent hyper stimulation of the ovaries. Multiple pregnancies should also be detected early to prevent premature delivery and fetal distress.

Short Stature among adolescence as HCG injections side-effects

HCG injections when given among preadolescent individuals may lead to early closure of the epyphyseal plates which are responsible for the longitudinal growth of the bones. This eventually leads to HCG injection side-effects such as short stature or underdevelopment of the skeletal muscles. This can be managed through avoidance of using it in pre-adolescents.

Loss of appetite as HCG injections side-effects

HCG injection side-effects also include appetite loss. HCG is thought to act on the satiety center of the brain leading to early satiety and reduction in food intake as HCG injection side-effects. Loss of appetite may be managed through increasing the appeal of foods and eating small frequent meals.

Pregnancy symptoms as HCG injections side-effects.

HCG is responsible for major symptoms of pregnancy during the first trimester such as morning sickness. Administering HCG injections may also lead to similar symptoms as HCG injections side-effects such as nausea, headache, water retention, breast tissue tenderness, irritability, and mood changes. Nausea and headache may be managed by not getting out of bed suddenly. Water retention may be prevented by preventing high salt diet to prevent further retention of water.

Early secondary sex characteristics development as HCG injections side-effects

When HCG injections are given among pre-adolescents, it causes early puberty leading to deepening of voice, growth of axillary and pubic hair and increased oil formation. Increased number of acne as HCG injection side-effects.

HCG increases the production of oil by the sebaceous glands leading to acne formation. This HCG side-effect may affect the body image of the patient; however, it can be managed through various topical anti-inflammatory or anti-acne creams.

Despite these HCG injection side-effects, HCG is still beneficial in the treatment of infertility. HCG injections should only be administered to legal indications. Use as a weight loss treatment and as an anabolic steroid enhancer is illegal and should not be practiced. The use of HCG injections should be monitored to prevent HCG injection side-effects.

What is Trachoma?

Trachoma comes from the ancient Greek, meaning rough eye. Trachoma is also known as sandy blight, granular conjunctivitis and Egyptian opthalmia. It is an infectious eye disease. If left untreated, it results in blindness. This type of eye disease spreads fast. It is a water-born kind of disease. It is a serious condition, which mostly occurs in the developing world, usually found in the Aboriginal communities or communities with poor health.

fig 1

Trachoma Symptoms

When one has this kind of eye disorder, he or she will manifest the following signs and symptoms:

1. Mild itching
2. Irritation of the eyelids and eyes
3. Mucus or pus discharge
4. Photophobia or sensitivity to light
5. Eye pain
6. Blurring of vision
7. Abnormal growth of corneal blood vessels
8. Opaque cornea
9. Redness of the conjunctivitis
10. Inflammation in the lymphoid follicles and inside the upper eyelid
11. Trichiasis or turned-in eyelashes
12. Throat and ear complication

Trachoma Causes

Trachoma exists because of the bacteria Chlamydia Trachomatis. It is a bacterium related to Chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease condition. It is transmitted from one person to another by means of:

1. Direct contact, like touching the secretions of the infected eyes, nose or throat.
2. Indirect contact, such as touching items that are contaminated like towels, blankets, clothing, sheets, handkerchiefs and the like.
3. Flies that seeks the eyes are considered to be a major transmission.

Fig 2

Image 3

Trachoma Grading

There are actually two grading systems when trachoma is diagnosed. One is called the McCallan’s classification and the other is the WHO classification.

The McCallan’s classification categorizes the trachoma in four stages:

Stage 1

Known as Incipient Trachoma. It is described as the hyperemia of the palpebral conjunctiva that has an immature follicle.

Stage 2

Establish trachoma, which has a characteristic of having a mature follicle and papillae. It is considered as a progressive corneal pannus.

Stage 3

Cicatrising trachoma is another term for this stage. It deals with the scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva and its scars are visible as white bands.

Stage 4

It is the last and final stage, which is healed trachoma. It is when the disease is cured or is not markable. It is sequelae to cicatrisation that causes the symptoms.

Meanwhile the WHO or the World Health Organization recommends a much simpler grading system for persons with trachoma. The grading system is summarized below:

(TF) Trachomatous inflammation, follicular

The person is first infected with the causative agent named Chlamydia bacteria; the upper eyelid of the person will manifest inflammation and have a presence of white follicles. Most often the cases that develop in this stage are of mild form and will develop over a few weeks or months.

(TI) Trachomatous inflammation, intense

Here the infected person will experience a severe inflammatory response and their eyes have water or white discharge. They will find sunlight unbearable or have Photophobia symptoms. They will also experience eye pain.

(TS) Trachomatous scarring

Here there is a repeated resolution and active inflammation cycle that leads to the scarring of the lining of the lid of the infected persons. More infection that occurs will lead to more scarring and then the scar will lead to a network of scars.

(TT) Trachomatous trichiasis

As time passes, the scars contracts and will shorten the innermost lining of the person’s eye. TT will pull the lash nearer to the eyes as it will shorten the patient’s lid margin. As it progresses, the eyelashes will be pulled around until they touch the eye’s cornea, which will lead to the damage called trichiasis.

(CO) Corneal opacity

The trichiasis will become painful and more lashes will rub against the patient’s eyes. Patients will report that they tend to stay indoors than outdoors because they find it uncomfortable and unbearable to go out because of the presence of sunlight, smoke and dust. In addition to that, other infections will develop. When scratching and infection combine, it will lead to opacity of the cornea, which will then lead to vision loss. Patients in this stage will report being blind or having near blindness.

Trachoma Diagnosis

In confirming the trachoma diagnosis, the physician will do the following necessary actions:

1. Physical Examination, including eye examination
2. Medical History
3. Eye swab or culture for laboratory testing and to verify if Chlamydia is really present

Trachoma Treatment

With regards to the treatment of persons diagnosed with trachoma, the WHO or the World Health Organization recommends the acronym SAFE which means:

• Surgery that will repair the damage and infected eye
• Antibiotics for the infection treatment
• Face washing to reduce spreading the infection to other areas
• Environmental changes, such as clean water and healthy sanitation

Surgery

The surgery is intended as the last step. That is if antibiotics and all other treatment fail. Eyelid rotation surgery can be done when the person’s scarring eyelids lead the eyelashes to turn inwardly. Upon the surgical operation, there will be an incision made in the person’s upper eyelid and the lashes will be rotated away from the person’s cornea. It is usually done under local anesthesia. It takes about 15 minutes for the surgery to be complete. In case there is visual impairment, transplanted corneas is the best option.

Medications

As mentioned earlier, the first treatment method in treating persons diagnosed with trachoma is through antibiotic medication. Antibiotics are needed, especially during the earliest stages of the eye disorder. The two drugs that are mostly prescribed for this kind of eye disease are oral azithromycin and Tetracycline eye ointment. It works as a bacteria killer so as that the body’s natural process of healing can repair the damage eyes.

Effexor is utilized mainly in dealing with depression, comprehensively known as panic attack, and social anxiety in adults.

Effexor has been an excellent antidepressant for most individuals; however, it appears to become specifically efficient for anyone with treatment-defiant depressive disorders. A few of these individuals have got 2 or more antidepressants earlier to Effexor without any sign of relief. It was also recently been discovered to reduce the degree of ‘hot-flashes’ in menopausal and aged women.

Furthermore, in 2004 of September Customer Reviews research has ranked Effexor as the best performing amongst six frequently given antidepressants.

Side Effects of Effexor

Weight Loss

Significant weight reduction to patients who have depressive disorder, with known anxiety disorder, and societal anxiety and has been distinguished in Effexor taking, however the company won’t advise use as a possible anorectic whether taking it alone or perhaps in mixture with phentermine and another amphetamine-like drugs.

Increase blood pressure level

Associated with tension transfer antidepressants, lack of sexual urges can be a visible side-effect for some people. Effexor can easily increase blood pressure level when taking it in higher dosages and it is not an advisable drug of choice for people with higher blood pressure. Effexor should not and cannot be used in young children. Great care should be taken in individuals with a seizure problem.

May trigger suicidality

The actual energizing result on the medicine might emerge unwanted for some, possibly ultimately causing an enlarged nervousness or depressed mind condition. While the certain modality of impact is not properly tackled, a Black Box Warning has been issued along with Effexor along with other anti-depressants advising the chance of committing suicide.

Some researchers have inhibited the usefulness of the medicine in helping major depression. The black box caution further give recommendation to attending physicians to monitor patients for committing suicide chance at start of usage as well as anytime the dosage is modified. Members of the family need to be advised with this life-threatening complication so they may bring the patient to a hospital emergency for surveillance and safety.

Loss of control with Borderline Personality Disorder

This medicine is mostly dangerous for individuals whose psychological condition contains inadequate urge control like a Borderline Personality Disorder, in case there is certainly comorbid substance exploitation and over taking within the prescribed dosage.

May trigger obsession if the patient is not taking a mood stabilizer

Effexor has occasionally been employed for the cure of depressive stages of bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, it has some impending peril, as Effexor may induce obsession, mixed states, speedy cycling and/or psychosis in some bipolar patients, predominantly if the patient may not be also undergoing treatment by means of a mood-stabilizer.

May develop another disorder – Serotonin syndrome

Another threat is increasing its possibility to develop- Serotonin syndrome. This can be a severe effect that can be brought on by interactions along with other medicines which is potentially deadly.

What is Sodium?

Sodium is an element known in Latin as natrium with a chemical symbol of Na. Elemental sodium is a supple, whitish alkali metal. Sodium is abundant in substances such as sodalite, feldspars and rock salt. Sodium also dissolves easily in water, which is why it is abundant in bodies of water, the oceans, in the form of sodium chloride.

Sodium is very essential to the human bodily processes and considered a major macro-mineral needed by the body. Sodium usually enters the body in the form of sodium chloride or salt.

Other sources of sodium are from processed foods due to the presence of sodium chloride as a preservative. The recommended daily intake of sodium is 500 mg to 2000 mg to prevent sodium-related diseases such as hypertension.

Sodium Functions

Sodium is the most common cat-ion (positively charged electrolyte) in the extracellular space in the body and accounts for almost 80 to 90% of the total sodium inside the body. It is important in regulating body processes such as:

1. Blood volume
2. Blood pressure
3. Blood pH
4. Promotes osmotic stability of cells

Sodium normally attracts water which means that any increase in sodium in the body leads to water retention as well. Aside from the water regulation in the body, the electrolyte also stabilizes nerve impulses in neurons. The nerve impulse transmission depends on the sodium availability on the cell membranes. In short, sodium is very essential for the normal functioning of cells.

What is Hyponatremia?

Hyponatremia is a condition wherein the sodium level in the extracellular space or in the blood is below normal. The normal sodium blood level is 135 to 145 mEq/L. Any reduction in these levels of less than 135 mEq/L affects homeostasis.

Hyponatremia is not a disease itself, but often a result from certain medical conditions that affect water and sodium levels in the body.

Hyponatremia is often caused by conditions that significantly increase water in the body, resulting in a diluted blood concentration of sodium. Limited dietary intake of sodium has never been a factor in the development of hyponatremia in healthy individuals. Although a low serum sodium can also lead to volume depletion indirectly.

Sodium being the most abundant cat-ion in the body causes hyponatremia to be the most common electrolyte imbalance. Incidences are greater among the elderly, females and hospitalized clients.

Differet types of hyponatremia develop depending on the cause and pathophysiological mechanisms.

Classification of hyponatremia, according to onset, includes acute and chronic hyponatremia.

Acute hyponatremia often involves a rapid reduction in the sodium concentration, which may potentially lead to coma because of a very fast physiologic change.

Chronic hyponatremia on the other hand involves a gradual reduction in the serum sodium concentration making the signs and symptoms less noticeable. Some patients may even be asymptomatic until they reach a significant reduction in the electrolyte level.

Hyponatremia Types

Hyponatremia are classified into the following types depending on the osmolality (concentration) of the plasma:

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

Hypovolemic hyponatremia involves a low serum concentration of sodium together with low circulating blood volume. It involves the abnormal excretion of both sodium and water leading to low circulating blood volume and serum sodium concentrations. This type of hyponatremia also involves the faulty osmosis of sodium to other extracellular compartments, such as the interstitial space, leading to a decrease in sodium blood levels and subsequent water depletion. In hypovolemic hyponatremia, sodium loss is greater than water loss.

Euvolemic or isovolemic Hyponatremia

Euvolemic or isovolemic hyponatremia occurs when there is a reduction in sodium concentration as a result of excessive production of antidiuretic hormone as seen in Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) or as a result of stress and medication use. Antidiuretic hormone inhibits the kidneys to eliminate water through urine formation. A very high level of ADH inhibits water excretion. As a result, blood volume increases thereby diluting the serum concentration of sodium, leading to hyponatremia.

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

Hypervolemic hyponatremia results from excessive total blood volume as a result of edema. Because of edema formation, there is a reduction in circulating blood volume, which stimulates the body to produce ADH. Cascade processes happen such that an increase in ADH leads to water retention and subsequent sodium reduction.

Another classification of hyponatremia includes redistributive hyponatremia. This happens in cases of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is an increase in immunoglobulin levels or hyperlipidemia wherein there is fluid shifting from the intracellular to the extracellular space. This shift of fluids dilutes the sodium concentration in the blood or plasma.

Hyponatremia Levels

Hyponatremia can also be categorized based on the level of serum sodium such as:

Mild Hyponatremia

Mild cases of hyponatremia involves a serum sodium level of 130 to 134 mEq/L. Mild cases may involve mild symptoms of the condition and may be treated with dietary increase in sodium or oral supplements.

Moderate Hyponatremia

The serum concentration of sodium is from 125to 129 mEq/L. Moderate hyponatremia requires intravenous administration of sodium to prevent further drop in the serum concentration.

Severe Hyponatremia

Severe cases of electrolyte imbalance happens when the serum sodium level is less than 125 mEq/L. Patients with severe cases of hyponatremia have higher mortality rates due to heart blocks as a result of the decrease in excitability of the heart. Neurologic symptoms are often observed. Patients with severe hyponatremia need emergency measures to treat the electrolyte imbalance.

Pathophysiology of Hyponatremia

As the extracellular fluid concentration of sodium decreases, the sodium concentration gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid decreases. This hypo-osmolality leads to intracellular edema because fluid shifts from low sodium concentration to high sodium concentration. As in this case, the intracellular compartment has a higher sodium concentration so water tends to shift there. Brain edema may occur as a result of shifting of fluids on the interstitial space, leading to coma.

A reduction in the serum concentration also means that there is less sodium to move across the excitable membranes, which results in delayed membrane depolarization and nerve impulse transmission.

Causes and Risk Factors

Causes of hyponatremia depend on the classification of the imbalance. Common causes based on the classification discussed earlier are:

1. Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
2. Diuretic use
3. Diabetic glycosuria
4. Aldosterone deficiency
5. Prolonged vomiting
6. Severe diarrhea
7. Renal disease
8. Diaphoresis
9. Burns

Other causes of hypovolemia

1. Euvolemic or Isovolemic Hyponatremia
2. SIADH
3. Severe pain which stimulates ADH production
4. Trauma or other forms of stress
5. Hypervolemic hyponatremia
6. Congestive heart failure
7. Nephrotic syndrome
8. Liver cirrhosis with ascites
9. Renal failure
10. Anasarca or generalized edema

Other causes of hyponatremia include:

1. Polydipsia (where the individual drinks up to 12 liters of water a day)
2. Over hydration from intravenous fluids
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Multiple myeloma (due to increase in immunoglobulins)
5. Hyperlipidemia
6. Hyperglycemia
7. Adrenal Insufficiency

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of hyponatremia are related to the low sodium levels to perform its functions. Signs and symptoms include:

1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Lethargy, confusion, or coma
4. Headache
5. Anorexia
6. Fatigue, muscle weakness
7. Irritability
8. Restlessness
9. Muscle cramps and spasms
10. Seizures

Diagnosis

The primary diagnostic test done to determine hyponatremia is through electrolyte testing of sodium. A serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L confirms the diagnosis.

Vital signs, especially blood pressure and hemodynamic status, needs to be assessed to determine any volume depletion or overload. It is important to ascertain the type of hyponatremia to guide treatment choices.

The patient is also assessed for a complete medical history to determine any underlying cause. Neurologic testing is also done to assess extent of signs and symptoms.

Management (Treatment guidelines)

Management of hyponatremia also depends on the classification.

Determination and management of the underlying cause is essential to permanently correct hyponatremia.

Fluid replacement

Intravenous fluid administration is done for hypovolemic hyponatremia. Normal saline solution is usually used to prevent sudden elevation in the sodium levels, which is also detrimental for the patient. Sodium replacement should be at a rate of 8 mmol/L in 24 hours.

Fluid restriction

Restricting fluids is important for euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia to prevent further increase in the circulating blood volume which will result in edema formation. Fluid restriction also allows sodium balance to be regained.

Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist

These are drugs that inhibit the action of vasopressin by blocking the receptor sites. These drugs are important to prevent further increase in blood volume as a result of its antidiuretic effect. Vasopressin antagonists are used in hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia.

Vaptan drugs are newer forms of vasopressin receptor antagonists that specifically antagonize certain receptor sites such as V1A, V1B and V2 receptors. Examples of this drug are Conivaptan, Nelivaptan, Relcovaptan, Lixivapotan, Mozavaptan, Satavaptan, and Tolvaptan.

Diuretics

Loop diuretics are used to enhance water secretion in hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia. Hypokalemia should be checked since loop diuretics also excrete potassium in the urine.

Source – crashingpatient.com

Complications

Complications include effects of low sodium levels to the vital organs of the body such as:

1. Neurologic impairment
2. Cerebral edema and herniation
3. Coma
4. Cardiac arrest

Rapid administration of sodium may also lead to central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), the demyelination of the pons.

Hyponatremia Prevention

Hyponatremia can be prevented using the following measures:

1. Drink fluids during extensive exercises to replace fluid loss. Also, try consuming fluids with minimal amount of electrolytes, such as sports drinks, to replace sodium lost through perspiration. Drinking fluids is essential, but taking large volumes, such as more than four liters a day, may also affect the general well-being.
2. Consult medical providers to treat any conditions that may lead to hyponatremia.

The tongue is one of the most important organs in the mouth that helps us taste, swallow, and speak.

The tongue is composed primarily with muscles. Several factors such as viral infection, trauma, inflammation, and malignancy cause the tongue to be sore, which greatly affects the way we eat and speak.

What is Sore Tongue?

Sore tongue is also called glossitis or Inflammation of the tongue. The sores that appear on the tongue are called glossodynia.

The anatomical position of the tongue makes it prone to infection and inflammation. Any trauma from the surrounding tissues such as the teeth may cause soreness. In addition, the mouth is inhabited by millions of microorganisms and any reduction in immunity may lead to tongue infection.

Sore under tongue

Tongue sores may be located under the tongue. Soreness on the dorsal portion of the tongue may be caused by migratory glossitis or geographic tongue. It affects the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue. Sores located in this area may be painful because of contact with the base of the mouth.

Sore on side of tongue

Sometimes, ulcerations or inflammation of the tongue may occur on the sides. This may be caused by herpetic lesions and other mouth infections.

Sore on tongue

Sores can also be found directly on top which may be present in cases of vitamin deficiencies which changes the texture and color of the anterior portion of the tongue. Fungal infection also thrives on top of the tongue which leaves a whitish discoloration signifying the growth of the fungi.

Canker Sore tongue

A canker sore or apthous ulcer may be present on the tongue. These are open tongue lesions or sores that appear whitish in color that may feel like a burning sensation in the mouth. Canker sores may be three to 10 mm in size. A lot of factors cause the appearance of canker sores including diet, infection, nutritional state and trauma.

Malignant Sore on tongue

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity causes extensive vascular and lymphatic spread of mouth sores. It causes sores throughout the oral cavity including the tongue. It is caused by tobacco overuse.

Causes

Any change in the environment of the mouth can cause glossitis. Causes of tongue sores can be subdivided into the following:

Habits

Smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol intake disrupts the moisture and irritates the mucosal lining of the tongue leading to glossitis.

Infection

Fungal infection is one of the main infections of the tongue that leads to inflammation. Candida albicans fungi cause oral thrush that leaves a whitish discoloration of the tongue.

Bacterial growth such as streptococcus bacteria also causes scarlet fever that leaves the tongue sore and strawberry-red in color. The disease is most common in young children.

Viral infections caused by herpes simplex also cause tongue sores. It is transmitted through direct contact with the person’s saliva or fluid such as kissing and licking. Oral herpes can also be transmitted through oral sex with a person with genital herpes.

Medications

Excessive use or abuse of antibiotics destroys the normal flora in the mouth that protects it from infection. Antibiotics not only kill pathologic bacteria, but also the good bacteria in the body. Once destroyed, other opportunistic infections from fungi, bacteria and virus may set in causing tongue sores.

Administration of ganglion blockers and bronchodilators has also been a reason for glossitis.

Trauma

Brushing with toothbrush with hard bristles may also lead to irritation and inflammation of the tongue. Aside from this, scraping too hard on the surface of the tongue also damages the mucosal lining.

Irritation from the adjacent teeth and dental appliances also leads to inflammation of the tongue area.

Tongue piercing causes frequent irritation of the tongue by the ornament. Infections such as Candidiasis may also affect the tongue piercing.

Nutritional Deficiencies

Certain anemia causes sore tongue. Megaloblastic anemia, caused by folic acid deficiency and pernicious anemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to a smooth, beefy tongue. In addition, iron deficiency anemia also causes sore mouth and tongue and turns the color into yellow as a result of decreased hemoglobin.

Diet

Excessive consumption of sugar and sweets allows bacteria to grow and cause infection. Intake of acidic foods, juices and spices also irritates the tongue. Frequent chewing of gums and intake of fats and butter may also lead to tongue sores.

Illness states

Certain diseases manifest glossitis. These include tuberculosis, dehydration, and oral malignancies.

Sensitivity reactions

Sensitivity to certain foods and drugs lead to allergic reactions in the oral cavity that causes sore tongue. Allergic reactions may also happen in certain toothpastes, mouthwash, and dental appliances such as retainers.

Symptoms

Patients may experience several symptoms of sore tongue depending on the causative factor. Most common symptoms of sore tongue include the following:

1. Tingling or burning sensation in the tongue
2. Tongue swelling and pain
3. Open sores
4. Redness around the tongue sores
5. Lymph node swelling as a sign of infection
6. Pain in the teeth
7. Fever
8. Tongue discoloration (depending on the cause)
9. Unusual texture (may be smooth or very rough)
10. Difficulty chewing and swallowing
11. Changes in tastes, loss of appetite

Treatment

Complete eradication of sore tongue is primarily focused on the treatment of the causative factor. Palliative managements for glossitis include:

Anti-inflammatory medications

Administration of analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications is needed to reduce the pain and inflammation in the area.

Local anesthetics

Anesthetics may be prescribed to control the pain in cases of very painful ulcers and sores.

Antibiotics, Anti-fungal and Oral antiseptics

Glossitis caused by infections need to be treated with medications to kill the microorganisms. Oral antibiotics as well as antiseptic washes may be used to reduce the duration of ulcers.

Vitamin B Complex Supplements

The administration of B vitamins helps in the prevention of tongue sores as a result of Vitamin B deficiency. B vitamins are also essential in treating recurrent ulcers and sores not caused by vitamin B deficiency.

Remedies

Home remedies are also effective in managing sore tongue. These include:

1. Gargle with lukewarm water with salt to relieve pain.
2. Gargle with diluted antiseptic mouthwash to reduce bacterial colonization. Avoid alcoholic mouthwashes because it further leads to drying and irritation of the mouth.
3. Drink warm milk mixed with ½ teaspoon of turmeric powder. Turmeric has been found to hasten healing of sores.
4. Drink plenty of water to provide the tongue with adequate moisture.
5. Try ayurvedic remedies such as Khadiradi tablets and Triphalachuma mouth rinse.

Prevention

1. Practice good oral hygiene to prevent mouth infections.
2. Avoid chewing gum because it increases tongue sores and exacerbates symptoms.
3. Avoid smoking, alcoholic beverages and tobacco.
4. Avoid irritating and spicy foods.
5. Avoid unsafe sex practices such as oral sex.
6. Refrain from using toothpastes with sodium lauryl sulfate. This compound increases the risk for sore tongue and mouth ulcers.
7. Use soft-bristled toothbrushes to avoid trauma.

Complications

Complications of sore tongue are associated with the underlying cause. Failure to seek medical treatment can result in further complications such as:

1. Difficulty breathing due to airway obstruction
2. Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing
3. Chronic pain
4. Spread of infection to other parts of the oral cavity
5. Malignancy that may lead to removal of the tongue

We do not want these complications so it’s better to seek treatment at an early stage.

Sore Tongue Pictures

Cetirizine, the complete opposite of General anesthesia side effects and Vitamin b complex side effects, is a pharmacological medication which belongs to the second generation of antihistamine that is the non-sedating kind. It works to reduce the natural chemical hormone called histamine. It does that by blocking of the receptor of histamine cells. It is known to be effective in treating allergic or cold symptoms like itching, runny nose, sneezing or watery eyes. Aside from that, the person who is experiencing chronic form of hives or urticaria can also be treated with Cetirizine. In addition to that, it can also be used to treat hay fever and angioedema episodes. However, one must take note that Cetirizine does not have the power to prevent allergic skin reactions from occurring.

Cetirizine Side Effects

Compared to the first generation antihistamine, the second generation antihistamine really produces lesser side effects. The following are the most common Cetirizine side effects:

1. URINARY RETENTION

Urinary retention, which is part of the Cetirizine side effects, is usually reported most in elder persons. Elder persons are known to have a higher propensity in developing side effects from antihistamines. According to studies that were conducted, elder persons have a decreased amount of acetylcholine, and thus blocking the acetylcholine further will lead to a more seen and felt anti cholinergic side effect compared to that of younger individuals. Aside from that, this Cetirizine side effect happens to mostly men who are suffering from enlargement of the prostate glands.

2. DROWSINESS

The antihistamine has a possibility to cross the blood brain barrier in one’s brain and will eventually lead to the binding of the new receptor in one’s brain, which leads to an increased feeling of being sleepy. Drowsiness is one of the Cetirizine side effects. Hence, experts advise not to perform activity that warrants mental alertness, such as driving when taking in antihistamine medications.

3. ANTI CHOLINERGIC SIDE EFFECTS

Anti histamine has a tendency to block the other brain receptors in the brain. What it does is block the action of acetylcholine, which is known to aid in learning, memory, cardiovascular functions, airways and blood vessels. Aside from that, it also promotes the digestive tract function and urinary function as well. When the acetylcholine is being blocked, which is included in the Cetirizine side effects, the person may manifest lack of coordination, nausea, constipation, dizziness, confusion, palpitation, and drying of the secretion of the respiratory system, as well as drying of the mouth.

4. HEMATOLOGIC REACTIONS

This is a rare kind of Cetirizine side effect which deals with hematologic reactions. These may be rare, but it may also be severe in form. Under this reaction, the person may experience reduced number of platelets, white cell reduction, failure of the bone marrow, anemia, and red blood cell destruction.

5. GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS

Aside from the ones that were mentioned, gastrointestinal problems, which are another kind of Cetirizine side effect, may also be seen as a side effect in this medication. The person may experience constipation, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting or an increase in appetite.

6. HEADACHE

This is another part of the Cetirizine side effect which is common. Headaches may either be mild or severe in form. You can relieve it through resting yourself or through a pain reliever. If headache does not improve and continues to get worse than it normally is, it is high time that you visit a health practitioner.

7. LETHAL CARDIAC SIDE EFFECTS

A component of Cetirizine side effects are lethal cardiac side effects, which is a potential side effect of the antihistamine medication. Under the lethal cardiac side effects, these include chest tightening and palpitation or heartbeat that is rapid.

OTHER CETIRIZINE SIDE EFFECTS INCLUDE:

• Wheezing
• Soreness of the throat
• Coughing
• Anxiety
• Migraines
• Weight gain
• Arthritis
• Reduced libido